Multiple Myeloma

Multiple myeloma is a cancer of plasma cells, a type of white blood cell located in the bone marrow that produces antibodies to help combat infections. In multiple myeloma, abnormal plasma cells multiply uncontrollably, overcrowding healthy blood cells and creating abnormal antibodies (called M-proteins) that may lead to organ damage. The disease commonly impacts the bones, kidneys, and immune system. Symptoms include bone pain, fractures, anemia, fatigue, frequent infections, kidney dysfunction, and elevated calcium levels. Risk factors consist of older age, male gender, family history, and specific environmental exposures. 

Current Therapies for Multiple Myeloma

Treatment is tailored based on disease stage, patient health, and response to therapy:

1. Chemotherapy

   • Traditional drugs like melphalan may be used, often in combination with other agents

   
   

2. Immunomodulatory Drugs (IMiDs)

   • Thalidomide, Lenalidomide, Pomalidomide

   • These drugs modify the immune system and inhibit myeloma cell growth

   
   

3. Proteasome Inhibitors

   • Bortezomib, Carfilzomib, Ixazomib

   • These disrupt protein degradation in myeloma cells, leading to cell death

   
   

4. Monoclonal Antibodies

   • Daratumumab (targets CD38), Elotuzumab (targets SLAMF7)

   • Used alone or in combination to enhance immune attack on myeloma cells

   
   

5. Steroids

   • Dexamethasone or Prednisone are commonly combined with other treatments to reduce inflammation and kill myeloma cells

   
   

6. Stem Cell Transplantation

   • Autologous stem cell transplant is a standard approach for eligible patients after initial therapy to prolong remission

   
   

7. CAR T-Cell Therapy and Other Emerging Treatments

   • CAR T-cell therapies targeting BCMA are showing promise for relapsed or refractory disease

   • Other novel agents and immunotherapies are under investigation

Multiple myeloma remains incurable but manageable with modern therapies, allowing many patients to achieve long-term remission and maintain quality of life. Regular monitoring and supportive care for bone health, anemia, and kidney function are also crucial parts of management.